12 Hallmarks of Aging
Two major scientific articles published in 2013* and 2023** reveal that there are 12 fundamental mechanisms of aging and that skin aging occurs similarly.
Genomic instability
Damage, breakage, and mutations in DNA occur due to internal and external influences.
Fisetin, Astragaloside IV, Cycloastragenol
Telomere shortening
Shortening of the protective caps at the ends of DNA, called telomeres.
Cycloastragenol, Astragaloside IV, Fisetin
Epigenetic alterations
Disruption of the functioning of genes with lifestyle and aging, activation of genes that should not be active.
NR, NMN, Fisetin, Resveratrol, Cycloastragenol
Loss of proteostasis
Accumulation to a level that disrupts the structure of proteins and hinders the functioning of cells.
Fisetin, Cycloastragenol, Astragaloside IV
Disabled macroautophagy
Disruption of the system for the removal of aged and mutated cells through a process called autophagy.
Cycloastragenol, Astragaloside IV
Deregulated nutrient sensing
Decrease in sensitivity of cells to incoming nutrients and irregularity in their functioning due to inadequate nutrition intake.
NR, NMN, Fisetin, Resveratrol
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Decrease in both the number and efficiency of mitochondria, the energy powerhouses of the body.
NR, NMN, Cycloastragenol, Astragaloside IV, Quercetin
Cellular senescence
The advanced aging of cells becoming resistant to death and accumulating in the body leads to many chronic problems.
Fisetin, Quercetin, Astragaloside IV, Cycloastragenol
Stem cell exhaustion
Decrease in the critical role of stem cells in body repair and a decrease in their renewal abilities.
NR, NMN, Aloe Extract, Sea Buckthorn, Astragaloside IV, Cycloastragenol, Panax Notoginseng
Chronic inflammation
Nutrition and lifestyle, with low-grade chronic inflammation, are the cause of many age-related chronic diseases.
Quercetin, Resveratrol, Cycloastragenol, Astragaloside IV
Altered intercellular communication
Increased inflammatory molecules in the blood circulation disrupt the communication between cells and the working environments of cells.
NR, NMN, Fisetin
Dysbiosis
Harmful changes in the gut bacteria flora.
Resveratrol, Fisetin, Astragaloside IV
* Cell 2013 Jun – The Hallmarks of Aging, Carlos López-Otín, Maria A. Blasco, Linda Partridge, Manuel Serrano, Guido Kroemer
** Cell 2023 Jan – Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe, Carlos López-Otín, Maria A. Blasco, Linda Partridge, Manuel Serrano, Guido Kroemer